How Do Colleges View SAT and SAT Subject Test Scores

Answers to your college admissions questions about the SAT and SAT Subject Tests Can a student pick and choose which sections of an SAT test the colleges can view, as opposed to just a certain test date's scores? For example, can a student send his Math score from October and his Critical Reading score from November? No, he can't do that. The College Board offers a service called Score Choice that allows students some control over the process in that they can choose which scores to send by test date, but they can’t send their best individual section scores. However, most colleges do what is called "superscoring," which means the colleges pick and choose the highest score in each area. So if a student takes the SAT three times, the school will credit him with the highest score he achieved in Math, Critical Reading, and Writing across all test dates. Note: A handful of the most competitive schools require students to submit all of their scores. It’s best to check with each school on its score-reporting policy. What about SAT Subject Tests? Can a student choose which SAT Subject scores to send to colleges? Yes, students have the option of choosing which specific SAT Subject Test scores to send to each college. So if she has taken the SAT Subject Test in Biology twice, for example, and did much better the second time, she can choose to send only the score from her second sitting. Here is a list provided by the College Board with each college's score use policy: Do colleges that do not require SAT Subject Test scores look more favorably on those students who submit SAT Subject Test scores? First of all, the list of colleges that require SAT Subject Test scores changes from year to year, so it’s very important to be up to date on the requirements for each college you are considering applying to. While there is no hard-and-fast rule about whether to submit these scores to colleges that don’t require them, in general we believe it can bolster an application if a student has performed well on one or more Subject Tests. When should a student take an SAT Subject Test? A student should take the Subject Test as soon as she completes the highest level course in that specific subject. This would normally be in the spring unless the school uses block scheduling and the course ends in January. However, if the student is going to take a higher-level course in the same subject—for example, she took Physics as a freshman but plans to take AP Physics as a junior—she should wait until completion of the higher-level course before taking the SAT Subject Test in Physics. Keep in mind that the student must complete the SAT Subject Test early enough to meet her college application deadlines. Is it true that the SAT Subject Tests are not as difficult as the SAT? It depends, of course, on the specific student, and specifically on his knowledge of the subject matter being tested. The Subject Tests are more straightforward than the SAT itself, so in that regard they can be considered easier. The basic strategies for multiple-choice tests apply: process of elimination, when to guess, plugging in answer choices, etc. But the most important thing is the student’s knowledge of the content tested. Learn more about one-to-one prep for SAT Subject Tests Download 18 Simple SAT Tips here

The Use and Abuse of Power by the Female Protagonists in...

Miss Julie by Strindberg and Medea by Euripides explore the theme of power struggle. Julie, the Count’s daughter, was raised by a mother who hated men; Strindberg hence presents a confused character who struggles with her sexual desire for men juxtaposing with her need to dominate them. She feels compelled to use her social status when dealing with Jean. Medea, on the other hand, is presented as a brave, unpredictable, almost barbaric woman of extremes; she has committed several crimes on her husband’s behalf. Medea is constantly associated with images of extreme passion be it love, hatred or rage, and it is through the expression of these extremes that the audience becomes familiar with her persona. When she learns of her husband s†¦show more content†¦This fluctuation of her need for and rejection of Jean may be indicative of insecurity and loss resulting from her traumatic upbringing and again, having been rejected by one of her social class; this could acco unt for her need to regain power. Medea’s irrational behaviour is also due to her loss of power and control caused by her husband, Jason, who abandoned her and married Glauce, princess of Corinth. The Nurse explains this in her opening speech; â€Å"Medea rages at her loss of honour†[6]. Medea declares that Jason’s betrayal comes at the expense of her social status, home, dignity, and security; she claims to be â€Å"alone†¦stateless, dishonored by (my) husband† [7]Medea s fury knows no limit as evidenced when she mentions, â€Å"Cursed boys, I wish you dead, your father too†3 in line 103; she is determined to seek revenge whatever the cost, and revenge is the murder her and Jason’s sons. Because they are precious to Jason, she will deprive him of them and resultantly destroy and triumph over him. She has all the means to carry out her hideous crime â€Å"with such deadly poisons†[8]. Medea despises Jason’s ingratitude that seems to have forgotten that she murdered her brother and was involved in the murder of Pelias for Jason s benefit.

Genetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos ) - 1337 Words

The marriage union has evolved from a man and a woman to same sex unions. Additionally, there has been a great increase of police brutality and numerous amounts of black on black crime. Further, they have been many breakthroughs in science, where parents can now select their baby’s gender and eye color. In regards to changes, we can ourselves a disservice to ourselves for instance, some of the ways that Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) caused damages is by altering the natural traits of our foods, negatively affecting our environment and impacting our abilities to function as regular humans. Advancements in science, genetically modified organisms have become increasingly popular in the food market, the lack of consumer consent in the choice to eat GMO’s creates an ethical dilemma. Genetic engineering can increase the prevalent amounts of vitamins in foods, for a more well-rounded meal. For example, across Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, vitamin A, deficiencies not onl y cause widespread blindness, but lack of vitamin A also kills 670,000 children under age five each year. (Borlaug, Julie.2016. Four Ways to Change the Conversation Around Agricultural Biotech). Those numbers can drop significantly if we’re aware, but because GMOs are not labeled; government regulations right now do not require the labeling of Genetically Modified products, consumers are left in the dark eating foods that are potentially lethal to our body. For example, Starlink corn, a modified cornShow MoreRelatedGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms, Or Gmos, Are Genetically966 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically Modified Organisms, or GMOs, are genetically modified plants, animals, or microorganisms whose genetic information has been modified by DNA-editing methods such as DNA splicing or gene modification. This modification creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, or bacterial genes that are not found in nature (GMO Facts). It is the right of the consumer to know exactly what they are consuming. However, in the United States, it is not required that food containing GMOs has to be labeledRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )996 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are seeds that are genetically altered in a laboratory before being planted. Later on, they grow into genetically modified (GM) foods. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) A GMO is a plant-based organism, such as seed. However, it has: Genes that are altered to act in a certain way that does not naturally happen OR Contains genes from another plant-based organism History Since 1994, about 85 GM foods have been approved for sale in Canada. This includes GM foodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1236 Words   |  5 PagesLayla Sugawara 4/12/15 9/Fe Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetics has been altered by some form of technology. GMOs were first developed from the idea of selective breeding or artificial selection. Selective breeding or artificial selection is when humans purposely breed two selected organisms to reproduce a offspring with a desired trait. The beginning of genetic engineering is unclear. Before the 1900s, some farmers and naturalistsRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms Or Gmos1231 Words   |  5 Pagesthese innovation scientists have been working with are genetically modified organisms, or GMOs for short. The topic of GMOs is extremely controversial. There are those who back it one hundred percent, and those who seek to see it destroyed. While much of GMOs’ fame comes from the field of genetically modified foods, it is most certainly not limited to it. A quieter, and perhaps more imaginary field of GMOs has to do with genetically modified pigs. Scientists have been reworking the genes of someRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1383 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms (GMO) is one of the most important issues around the world. Genetic engineering is a process where scientists take genes from one species and force it into the DNA of other species. GMO has long been in practice to b reed select individuals of a species to produce offspring of the desirable behaviors. It is used in conventional livestock production, crop farming and even pet breeding. It involves combining elements of DNA from different sources to create a new DNA moleculeRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1775 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Between 1996 and 2008, US farmers sprayed an extra 383 million pounds of herbicide on GMOs† (Smith). For more than 20 years GMOs have been produced and placed on store shelves; there are many recognized and uncertain hazards that may affect the health of humans and the environment (Ehrenberg). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), although they provide many benefits to the economy and food supply, are associated with numerous environmental implications; there is a noticeable increase of food allergiesRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1525 Words   |  7 PagesGenetically modified organisms (GMOs) are highly embedded into our food systems. The use of GMOs is a subject that is often highly debated. GMOs have been viewed as a way to produce food more efficiently, and to aid in the feeding of our ever growing population. However, there are numerous countries that have placed a ban on the use of these products. Comparing production increases in the U.S. to those countries that have banned the use of GMOs will help to give insight into why these products mayRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )2083 Words   |  9 PagesABSTRACT Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic make-ups have been changed, inserted or deleted into another organisms. While the safety, disadvantages, and public concerns of genetically modified foods has grown significantly with the productivity of the genetic engineered foods. The problem can be solved with stricter regulations for manufacturer from the Food and Drug Administration and U.S Department of Agriculture. Some of many possible solutions to the genetically modifiedRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1194 Words   |  5 Pagesof? If you are eating anything that was processed more likely than not you’re eating genetically modified organisms (GMO) in some way. This is because â€Å"in the U.S. GMO are in as much as 80% of conventional processed food (Non-GMO project).† A GMO is a â€Å"genetically modified organisms† which can be a plant or animal. What makes them a GMO is that they have been genetically engineered with DN A of another organisms that has a desired trait of some kind. The DNA used can come from other animals and plants

Is Autism A Serious Neurological Disorder - 862 Words

I was going to start my speech by making a ‘sick’ autistic joke, but I decided not to since the subject of my speech, my autistic seven year old sister, Eva, does not have a great sense of humor and will find it unfunny. ‘Entertaining’ her with the world’s greatest comedians like, Dave Chappelle, Robin Williams and Chris Rock, will only be fruitful I want to illicit a flustered and perturbed reaction. That was meant to be a joke, and I want some pretend laughter. If you’re wondering, â€Å"Is she allowed to make autistic jokes?† the answer is yes, because I have an autistic sister. No, I’m just joking; no one is allowed to make autistic jokes. Even though I may make occasional jokes, it is because the textbook said to make jokes, and I want Wonder Woman Walker to give me an A. Side note, please give me an A, Dr. Walker. Autism is a serious neurological disorder that has the potential of dramatically changing the lives of the famil y and friends of the patient. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NINDS, Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders, characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. I’d like to capitalize on a word from the definition, ‘repetitive.’ One cannot simply talk about my youngest sister, Eva, without making mention of her ‘annoying’ repetitive and monotonous behavior; even her diets are monotonous. EveryShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1261 Words   |  6 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD)  is a serious  disorder  which affects the child’s neurological and behavior functions and may cause different levels of disability. Autism is a regressive neurodevelopment disorder that impacts social interactions, verbal and nonverbal, as well as negative behaviors. It is a disorder that is connected to abnormal bi ology and chemistry within the brain. Also, autism appears within the first three years of life. A child can seem developmentally normal and meeting all milestonesRead MoreMutations in Genomes740 Words   |  3 PagesMutations can occur in any genome, some are good and some are bad. Addition and deletions of certain parts of a gene cause a wide range of disorders in certain organisms. These mutations are called copy number variations (CNVs). For purposes already stated, when one looks into how CNVs create neurological disorders, one must understand that any change in a genome will produce an effect. It can positively affect the organism or negatively affect it, and there are certain genomes that if changed willRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1453 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and it’s a neurological disorder that affects children at an early age, even at 2 years old. The misconceptions and controversies about the illness have caused a lot of backlash and hate towards the healthcare industry, especially doctors. Over the years, many people have believed and still currently think that vaccinations cause Autism. However, many tests and reports have been analyzed and studied through numerous scientists and they have concludedRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreRelationship Between Gmos And The Autism1676 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the genetically modified organism foods and numerous neurological health conditions, research was conducted to determine the relationship between GMOs and the autism. Theoretical associations and risks used to exist before they prompted the researchers to find empirical research of the association. For example, Smith quotes Arden Anderson, MD, Ph.D., MPH, stating that it appears there is a direct correlation between GMOs and autism. Physician Jennifer Armstrong is also quoted admitting thatRead More Children With Autism Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesChildren With Autism Children with autism have the possibility to improve greatly, and some even overcome the effects of autism if appropriate therapies are begun early enough. A multifaceted disorder, autism has long baffled professionals and parents alike. At a point in time, doctors gave parents absolutely no hope for the recovery of their children. But recently, new treatments and therapies have shown that improvement is possible. With early intervention, intensiveRead MoreCause and Effect of Autism852 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect of Autism Hundreds of kids are being diagnosed with Autism (a developmental disorder) every year. A number of possible causes of Autism have been suspected but not proven which involve, diet, digestive tract changes, mercury poisoning, the body’s inability to properly use vitamins and minerals, and vaccine sensitivity. Genetic factors are of importance because identical twins are more likely than fraternal twins or other siblings to both have Autism. Autism appears within the firstRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Autism Essay2146 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Autism is very frustrating when compared to a lot of diseases for the simple fact that it is so confounding as far as its appearance. As a neurological disease, there are so many different kinds of it, and there is so much that goes into the arrival of the disease. Some forms of autism feature sufferers that have an innate talent for a given skill, and others simply act as if they’re comatose. Among all afflictions that exist, few are as frustrating as autism. There are varying formsRead MoreNotes On Autism Spectrum Disorder1656 Words   |  7 PagesChludil Personal Special Education Teaching Philosophy Paper TE 434: Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder David Rose 4/15/2016 What are the historical theories, who are the major contributors, and what are the relevant federal laws underlying the field of ASD? The historical theories that are in the field of ASD all originated with Leo Kanner. His work was started in 1943 where he identified â€Å"autism† using common descriptions. The descriptions lead to a certain criterion that was thenRead MoreAutism And Its Effects On Children1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Autism? Autism also specified as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, ASD, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), Childhood Autism (ICD-10), Autistic Disorder (DSM-IV), Atypical Autism (ICD-10), PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), Asperger Syndrome†¨(ICD- 10)/Asperger Disorder (DSM-IV), is a series of developmental disabilities that cause substantial impairments in social interaction, as well as difficulties in nonverbal interactions and behavioral challenges. From the early 1900s, autism has been

Conflicts Between Science and Religion - 1662 Words

Introduction - In science, evolution is one of the basic templates for understanding the biology of an organism or ecological unit. Essentially, it is the change in inherited traits of a population through a process called natural selection in which only the strongest traits are appropriately adapted to the environment in question. Those traits from parents who are healthier and live longer are then passed down to future generations where the traits are amplified if the organism thrives. Evolution, then, is the product of two opposing forces: variation in traits and mutation (Pickrell). Ironically, both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace almost concurrently developed this theory in the early to mid-19th century. Even though Darwin could not explain all the scientific details of the process, but to beat Wallace to publication, release On the Origin of Species in 1858. This literally polarized the world within a few months after its release, many seeking to utilize the basic pre mise in a number of academic disciplines (The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online). The terms scientific creationism or intelligent design theory are relatively recent explanations of an older ideology. As soon as Origin of Species was published it became a clear focus for attacks from the religious world who asserted that the Bible was a literal document. The apex of this movement came in the early part of the 20th century where a number of U.S. States, mostly Southern Bible Belt states,Show MoreRelatedThe Conflict Between Religion And Science951 Words   |  4 PagesIs there a conflict between religion and science, or are both items compatible? This question is addressed in the debate that is written about in the book Science and Religion, Are they Compatible, by Daniel C. Dennett and Alvin Plantinga. Alvin Plantinga thoroughly debates the topic by covering the compatibility of Christianity and science. He continues his argument by stating the issue of naturalist and science harbor the conflict not the theism. Plantinga goes into detail how some scientific theori esRead MoreThe Conflict Between Religion And Science2659 Words   |  11 PagesMichael Boranian Religion and Science Dr. Geraci John William Draper, in the History of the Conflict Between Religion and Science, states, â€Å"The history of Science is not a mere record of isolated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two contending powers, the expansive force of the human intellect on one side, and the compression arising from traditionary faith and human interests on the other.† John William Draper brings up a strong truth behind the progression of science. Human faithRead More Resolving Conflict between Science and Religion: Reform Judaism and Scientific Thought3160 Words   |  13 PagesResolving Conflict between Science and Religion: Reform Judaism and Scientific Thought    The relationship between science and religion is not easy to navigate. On the most basic level, they are viewed as different types of thought. Religion, it seems, deals with the subjective, spiritual realm. Science, on the other hand, seems to deal with facts. It may then appear easy to separate the two realms of thought, and philosophers, theologians and scientists have from time to time attempted to doRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science907 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between religion and science is indubitably debated. Barbour describes four ways of viewing this relationship (conflict, independence, dialogue--religion explains what science cannot, and integration--religion and science overlap). Gould presents a case in which religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), that the two entities teach different things and therefore do not conflict. The subject of this essay is Worrall, who says that religion and science does conflict, and thatRea d MoreThrough The Development Of Human History, Humans Gradually988 Words   |  4 Pageshuman history, humans gradually realize that Politics, Science, and Religion are three independent and equally competitive authorities. Also, the conflict between science and religion and that between politics and religion are much more severe than the conflict between science and politics. In this sense, because of the difference of those three authorities and the possibility of causing conflicts, it is more ideal not to twist science, religion, and politics together in the first place in societyRead MoreThe Clash of Faith and Evidence1545 Words   |  6 PagesClash of Faith and Evidence History has shown that in the past, religion dominated as an explanation of knowledge and was used to explain many of the worlds mysteries such as why the sun rises and sets and how the world came to be. Science, using concrete and tested evidence, gave light to many of these mysteries and debunked the myths created from religion. In todays modern society, science has advanced in a remarkable fashion. Science has broken down objects into structured molecules, found theRead MoreScience and Religion Essays808 Words   |  4 PagesScience and religion have always been in conflict with one another because they each represent complete opposite ideals, science is about how nature controls how the universe works and religion is about how God controls how the universe works. In the five models on science and religion I believe that Conflict best describes the relationship between the two. Conflict tells how either science is completely right and religion is wrong or the other way around a nd that religion and science are completelyRead MoreThe Relationship between Science and Religion755 Words   |  4 Pages　　The Relationship between Science and Religion 　　The relationship between science and religion will be analyzed in the following three aspects: conflict, compartmentalization and complementariness. 　　Conflict 　　An essential question on our own existence is bound to evoke our curiosity: where did we come from? Charles Darwin, in his theory of evolution, believed that human being was evolved from apes. However, the Genesis in Bible considered that human was created by God. Undoubtedly, it is impossibleRead MoreReligious Groups Responses On Science Groups1511 Words   |  7 PagesAdegbonmire Leh 355-A03W Prof Telliel 5/26/16 Religion Vs Science Research Topic: Religious groups responses on science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. In this essay, we are going to focus on religious group responses to science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. We see there has always being a conflict between religion and science groups, because they both believe in different ways on how the world was formedRead MoreRocks of Ages by Stephen Jay Gould1499 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Rocks of Ages† is Stephen Jay Gould’s commentary on the conflict between secular scientists and religious believers who reject scientific theory when in it is disagreement with religious teachings about nature and origin of the natural world. Certain aspects of his argument hold true, but the application is impossible and still gives one magisteria a dominance over the other. While it is an accurate account of historical disagreements and critical views of well-known people, his argument is flawed

Probability Estimation Theory Respondent †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Probability Estimation Theory Respondent? Answer: Introduction Tata motors finally availed its new vehicle brand called zest sedan in February 2014. This brand of vehicle comes with unique and attractive features especially for the millennial whose attraction of vehicles is often in comfort and luxurious looks. The vehicle was manufactured in India and the company did this unveiling with the aim of covering up its lost ground in the car market (Tata Motors, 2014). Target market alternatives for zest sedan Tata motors have to invest heavily in market selection for its new brand of car so as to remain relevant and topmost in this business. This starts off with ensuring it exploits different markets for its new brand (Lavallece, 2007). There are many vehicle markets available in the globe but the kind of market one chooses to sell its products contributes a lot to business success. Its in 2015 that the number of cars on the roads passed the one billion mark globally. This indicates that more vehicles are being manufactured and released to the market and thus competition is also high. The emerging markets are also growing at a high rate and for instance Russia (which sounds like a potential market for Tata Motors to venture into) has an increase of 27% sales in the year 2016. Such growth rates from countries like Russia have made changes in the normal standings among the worlds biggest 10 auto markets (Johnstone and Sabin, 2010). There is the need therefore for auto majors like Tata motors to try and capitalize on the increasing shift by opening new branches in upcoming markets. This rise in the new car nations has reshaped the automotive industry as well as their brands. This has seen the company selling its vehicles to countries like Brazil. Among the top most leading markets for vehicle business is China being the leading country, followed by United States, European Union, Japan, India, Brazil and Russia (Steiner, Thomas and William, 2011). This however does not imply that Tata Motors should lay focus on selling its new zest sedan to China as the worlds leading vehicle market. Its advisable that the company ventures into new and upcoming markets which seem to be taking the market by storm. This will make it sell more compared to the already crowded mar kets like China. Recommendations Among the top 10 markets I would recommend that Tata motors targets Russia market for its Zest Sedan. This is because statistically the country has recorded tremendous growth in vehicle sales in the past year compared to the other nine markets. Population for a research study on zest sedan For any company in business to realize the impact of its new product in the market its advisable to carry out research so as to get peoples opinion on how they perceive the new vehicle. Tata motors cannot get opinion of all the potential buyers but at least a sample population can be used to represent the opinions of a vast majority. Its in this regard that a study population needs to be engaged (Yin, 2009). The target population is composed of an entire group of people to which the researcher aims at generalizing the study findings. Out of the target population the researcher is supposed to narrow down to the accessible population which in this case is the population that the researcher has an access to and its usually a subset of the target population. For the case of Tata motors the target population is actually people who use vehicles and especially personal cars or rather those who seem to be economically able to own an automotive. These are people with vast experience and knowl edge on different brands of vehicles in the market and therefore will be able to provide good and measurable opinions on the new zest sedan (Johnstone and Sabin, 2010). However the company cannot access all the target population across the automotive markets globally. It therefore has to work with accessible population which should be a subset of the target population. In this case the company may choose to sample out respondents from three among the top markets in the automotive business field. Recommendation- I would recommend that Tata motors samples out a target population from china which is the worlds leading automotive market, then Japan which is among the medium markets and finally Russia which is last on the list and has a promising market for growth in this business. Out of the target populations in these three markets Tata motors can then narrow down to accessible population and carry out research pertaining the customers views on this new brand. The population selected shouldnt be biased in any way but again they should choose a population that is relevant to their research. It does not make any sense to select a population that does not have any knowledge or past experience on automotive brands and are less interested in matters to do with automotives (Lee and Richard, 2009). This will render their research ineffective and therefore the research objectives will not be met as it is in their interest. Alternative ways of defining the sampling frame for research on zest sedan Before the company carries out research on its new brand of vehicle that it unveiled (zest sedan) there is the need to determine a sampling frame. A sampling frame is the list of people among the selected population that intents to be used for the study. Tata motors are then required to know the exact number of people from the accessible population who can engage in the study. The sampling frame ensures accuracy in data collection. Without a sampling frame then the company will be dealing with a non-probability sample due to lack of similarity in the probability of people being sampled out for the study (Krista and Mark, 2010). The sample frame can be gotten manually by getting people who are in possession of automotives and have a good knowledge in vehicle brands such as zest sedan. Alternatively the sampling frame can be gotten from vehicle dealers across the three (china, Japan and Russian) markets. These vehicle dealers are in a position to provide names of their customers who are willing to be sampled for the research (Draucker, et al., 2007). This will provide the company with the right people to be interviewed regarding their opinion on the new model. The difference between a population and a sample frame is that the population will be a representative of all those people with good knowledge of vehicles or in possession of vehicles regardless of the make. But for the sample frame, it narrows down to people who are in possession of personal vehicles only and are able to differentiate features of these various modes of personal vehicles. In this study the company can choose to either use an area frame or a list frame for its studies (Couper, 2008). An area frame will include the geographical units of the study markets arranged in hierarchical manner and they could be arranged in provinces, wards etc. the list sampling frame on the other hand is simpler and more focused with a list of the target population only. Recommendation- for the study that is to be carried out by Tata motors I would recommend the use of list frames because this type of sampling frame narrows down to the target population and not just the entire markets i.e. the sampling frame for each study will be made from the three markets (china, Japan and Russia) with a list of target population in which random sampling of the people to be involved in the study will be generated (Volz and Douglas, 2008). Sampling approach for research on zest sedan Its normal and expected scientifically that before a research on any matter is done that requires the opinion of people there is the need to identify a sample size that can be engaged in the study. This sample size has to be calculated depending on the selected population but when it comes to choosing the individuals for the study it has to be done randomly to avoid any biasness and to reduce on the error margins in the data analysis that may interfere with result interpretation. The methods for sampling when carrying out research are quite many depending on the type of research (Silverman, 2010). The most ideal method that fits almost all the research is the simple random sampling method. However with the lack of time and sufficient money to access the entire population for intended research a lot of comprises are often made. The best groups of methods to be used for sampling approach by Tata motors are the probability methods which may include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic sampling and cluster sampling methods (Querstret and Robinson, 2013). Quota methods can also be used for specific analysis and need for valid results where the number of people that need to be sampled can be determined. These include quota sampling, proportionate quota sampling and non-proportionate quota sampling methods. There is also the use of selective methods in which the nature of study directs one to target a certain group of participants and such methods include expert sampling, purposive, snowballing, diversity and modal instance sampling methods (Lavallece, 2007). In some cases not all the researchers have money and enough time to use accurate data collection methods and therefore they opt for convenience methods like judgment, convenience and snowballing methods. Ethnographic methods can also be us ed for sampling approach especially in cases where people do not want their lives to be intruded into and therefore the researcher opts to use those available and willing to be engaged. Such methods include theoretical, convenience, selective and judgment sampling techniques. Recommendation-Tata motors being one of the leading automotive companies in the world that deals in some top notch vehicles there is need for it to engage in serious research work and in a study whose results will be an approximate representation of the surveyed group opinions on the new brand in the market. Its therefore advisable that the company uses any of the probability methods described above (Krista, 2008). This is because these methods use most of the powerful statistical analysis methods and give close to accurate results. In this case cluster sampling could be the most accurate method to use since the target is a wide group of representatives from the markets across the globe. Reasons as to why the above approaches will deliver effective research outcome For the target market, in my view I proposed Russia because this is a country that has recorded tremendous growth in the automotive business in the past season (Abrams, 2010). This implies that the company is likely to get more buyers of its new brand zest sedan. Its an indication that more people in Russia are into buying vehicles and thus a good market to venture into. The company can settle on working with the target population for study which is almost impossible to get the opinion of all those with knowledge on automotives. This explains why I recommended the use of accessible population gotten out of the accessible population. For the sampling frame I recommended the use of a list frame instead of an area frame because the list frame is more specific and it deals with the accessible population only and not an entire geographical region (Collins, Onwuegbuzie and Jiao, 2006). This will save the company on tedious unnecessary samples. When it comes to the sampling approach there are various reasons that determine the choice of how the company wants to carry out its sampling activities. Most of the discussed methods can actually be adopted by the company. However considering the position of this company which is among the best in automotive business there is need to carry out accurate research work that will give close to the right opinions of the users of their new brand of car that they launched (AAPOR, 2008). This explains why I recommended the use of probability methods which have in many studies given close to accurate results that are in most cases will be a true reflection of the study populations ideas on the new brand of vehicle that was launched. Conclusion With the current trends in business globally where automotive business is gaining more investors, its important for Tata motors to carry out research study on the perception of its new brand of vehicle by its potential customers. This study is meant to provide an insight into the business success and as to whether the zest sedan vehicle has been accepted by those in the market and if there are any shortcomings how can they be dealt with. Therefore if the recommendations are taken into account the study is most likely to be a success. References AAPOR,Cell Phone Task Force,2008, American Association for Public Opinion Research, Viewed 23rd September 2017 from https://www.aapor.org/uploads/Final_AAPOR_Cell_Phone_TF_report_041208.pdf Abrams, L.S., 2010, Sampling 'Hard to Reach' Populations in Qualitative Research: The Case of Incarcerated Youth. Qualitative Social Work, 9, 536-550. Couper M, 2008, Designing Effective Web Surveys, New York Cambridge University Press Collins, K. M. T., Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Jiao, Q. G., 2006, Prevalence of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research and beyond. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. Draucker, C.B., Martsolf, D.S., Ross, R., Rusk, T.B.,2007, Theoretical sampling and category development in Grounded Theory Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1137-1148. Johnstone, L.G., Sabin, K., 2010, Sampling hard-to-reach populations with respondent driven Sampling, Methodological Innovations Online, 5, 38-48. Krista J. G., 2008, Inference from Partially-Observed Network Data PhD in Statistics, University of Washington. Krita J. G, and Mark S. H., 2010, Respondent-driven sampling: An assessment of current methodology, Sociological Methodology, 40:285327 Lavallece, P., 2007, Indirect Sampling New York: Springer. Lee, S, and Richard V., 2009,Estimation for Volunteer Panel Web Surveys Using Propensity Score Adjustment and Calibration Adjustment Sociological Methods Research 37:31943. Querstret, D. Robinson, O.C., 2013, Person, persona and personality modification: An in-depth qualitative exploration of quantitative findings, Qualitative Research in Psychology. 10, 140-159. 10.1080/14780887.2011.586450 Silverman, D., 2010, Doing qualitative research, 3rd Edition. London: Sage. Steiner, P, Thomas C, and William S., 2011, On the Importance of Reliable Covariate Measurement in Selection Bias Adjustments Using Propensity Scores, Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 36:21336. Tata Motors, 2014, Tata Motors unveils the All-New ZEST and the BOLT Viewed on 20th September 2017 from https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-unveils-the-all-new-zest-and-the-bolt/ Volz, E, and Douglas H., 2008, Probability-Based Estimation Theory for Respondent- Driven Sampling Journal of Official Statistics 24:7997. Yin, R.K., 2009, Case study research: Design and methods (4th Edition). London: Sage Publications

Critical Review of News Reports

Questions: 1. Introduction of Uber cabs creates confusion among the black taxi drivers? 2. The Ashes 2015, can England regain their lost glory in Test Cricket? 3. Long term stoppage of service at the National Gallery in London, regarding privatisation? Answers: 1. Introduction of Uber cabs creates confusion among the black taxi drivers Fast service regarding transport service has lead to the introduction of book from home luxury Uber cabs in London. Excitement among the residents about this introduction shows the acceptance and necessity of this type of easy cab facility. This introduction is heartily welcomed by the government of London. Among so many good things, the traditional taxi drivers, i.e. black cab drivers have started protesting the incident. According to the views of Newsom Kerr (2010), the main point of this introduction has created a confusion regarding the choice of people to hire the old taxi and call a taxi at the door steps by using mobile. The majority of the travellers belong to the age group of 18-30 years who generally prefer to use the trendy taxi service by registering a car using the app created by the cab company. The reasons behind using this particular technology is also due to the present of payment facility by using the technology of mobile banking or option available in the app. The introduction of the Uber cabs in London has created a major competition for the traditional cabs. Mainly, the pre payment facility is the major attraction for the clients. Most of the people have accepted the fact that the good old black cab service can be used if home booking service and smart payment options are provided. As opined by Skok and Tissut (2009), these people feel that with introduction of latest technologies and need for change aligning with the demand and pace of work has driven the black cabs backward. Majority of the people think that traditional taxi service will still be available, despite the presence of ultra modern Uber cabs. The negative side of the traditional services has leaded the people to opt for the latest services. The old taxis are in danger due to the mismatched features as per as the required criteria is concerned. Aligning to the context of this incident, a protest took place outside the Transport office lead by the black taxi drivers. As per the arguments of Townsend (2012), the major issues of the old taxi drivers are regarding the presence of these taxis without being registered under the taxi association of the city. The old drivers demanded for permanent removal of this mode of transport. When reporters approached some of the important post holders of the government, their clear statement was regarding the choice of decision of the people to choose between these two modes of taxi transport. It can be concluded that people are satisfied with the introduction of the new taxi service. Though the presence of the black taxi cannot be denied, still the feeling of the people is if the black taxi service is upgraded then its acceptability will be felt again. It is not that Uber taxi service is free from any limitations. As opined by Woollett and Maguire,(2012), several issues have been identified by the travellers. The issues are quite severe like customer harassment, and unauthorised charging of extra fare. The company Uber clarified that these are created by the drivers and the company is willing to take all necessary actions. Therefore, is quite debatable whether the Uber cabs will be still persist in London or the black cabs will be out of the picture. The news could have been published keeping in mind the negativity of the Uber cab services. The report consisted of the positive feedbacks of the travellers only. The negative issues remained untouched. The tradition of the black cab of London however remained unaccredited. The protest of the drivers somehow was described something as of less importance. Commonly, the up gradation of payment modes and calling facility from home to hire the black cabs is more highlighted. In this part, the report could have at least accepted the heritage and service quality offered by this mode of transport. 2. The Ashes 2015, can England regain their lost glory in Test Cricket As seen in a straight way, the previous Ashes Series was a nightmare for England, when they were tortured by the names of Australian pace bowlers, especially Mitchell Johnson. This year, the team selectors remained cautious in selecting the team. Potentiality, present performance were the key factors behind selecting the team. According to the views of Akhtar and Scarf (2012), the captain of the team wants the players to be motivated and provide the best of performances to avenge the previous defeat. The series began with a very close competition between these two arch rivals where the fire to prove the eagerness of performance came into sight. After the victory of England, several newspapers hailed them but some viewed that Australia would definitely fight back. The article published in the guardian, where the captain of the English team motivates his players. The article highlights the chance of engraving the name of the crickets firmly in the pages of history. The captain himself is also elf driven and goal oriented after the team has received the edge in the very first game. As stated by Watson (2010), the article could have been bit more critical in regard of the contrast of performance of the England bowlers and the Australian bowlers. The English bowlers undoubtedly performed well, but the injury of one of their main fast bowlers have created tensed situation. Though it is quite obvious, still the article is overhyped. The reason is if the victory was totally a fruit of the performance of the entire team, then the absence of a single player can not affect the performance. The individual performances of some of the most experienced players have been criticised. When the performance of the visiting team was analysed, the reporter commented a lot about the failure of the captain. The captain of Australia is definitely out of form, but the general nature of the English media once again exposed the aggressive nature of criticism. According to the views of Smyth (2015), the premature news about the retirement of some of the very respected and experienced players of both these teams created distraction. Though, the fact of retirement is clear still, announcing it publicly hampers the focus of the team members. On the other side, the factor of Australian pacers and their impact has been praised. According to Benett et al. (2009), the report could have been written in a bit different manner. Here, the report is prepared only considering the fact of the positive results of the England team and their chances of snatching the ashes. The thinking of the England captain is the main focus of this article. On the same side, the performance of the Australian team especially during the second match remained unappreciated. The report should not have been prepared without focusing on the positive and the negative factors of both these teams. In fact, the comment of the English captain has been presented in high manner. Somehow, the criticism seemed to be little bit harsh on some of the target individuals. 3. Long term stoppage of service at the National Gallery in London, regarding privatisation The news was published in the journal The Guardian. The article was started with the reason of the strike that is going to be started from the second week of August. The issue of the strike was due to the reason of a decision taken by the museum authority regarding the privatisation of some selected service of the museum. The idea of privatisation came long before. Even the decision of signing a deal regarding the management of the guest relations department is finalised. A private agency named Securitas has been appointed with the responsibility to maintain the relation with guests and look after the security. National gallery was the last heritage building that appointed a private company to look after the matter of security and guest management. According to the views of Arya, (2011), the article covers the difficulties that the unemployed staffs of the museum will face in the future. The main report could have been more about the dealing, which came after a lot of negotiations from both these sides. The main purpose of this report is about the deal and the long term stoppage of service by the staffs. Funnell (2009) opined that this report could have highlighted the problems that the employed staffs will face after losing the job. Despite of accounting for the loss of the revenue faced by the museum corporation, the problems of the staffs remained non- highlighted. It is not the fact that all the staffs will be losing the job but the problem is that most of the working will work under Securitas instead of National gallery. According to the statement of Gandolfo (2010), the objection of the union that was transformed to strike was because of the fear of being unemployed and reduction in the monthly payment of the workers. The report could have also presented about the heritage that it adds in the English culture. The report did not consist of the matter that after privatisation, the visitors will have to pay a certain amount of money for taking entry inside the museum. The report should have highlighted about the financial gain that National Gallery earned after signing the deal. Even after the contract term of 5 years, even if the contract is not renewed, the earning of the company Securitas will be higher from the visitors admittance fee (the guardian.com). The article failed to report regarding the harassment of visitors who fails to experience the architecture of this famous museum. Reference List Books Gandolfo, G. (2010). National Gallery, Washington. New York: Newsweek. Townsend, A. (2012). The Black Cab Story. Stroud: The History Press. Journals Akhtar, S. and Scarf, P. (2012). Forecasting test cricket match outcomes in play. International Journal of Forecasting, 28(3), pp.632-643. Arya, R. (2011). The Sacred Made Real, London National Gallery. Implicit Religion, 14(1). Bennett, R., Ali Choudhury, R. and Mousley, W. (2007). Television viewers' motivations to follow the 2005 Ashes Test series: implications for the rebranding of English cricket. Journal of Product Brand Management, 16(1), pp.23-37. Bennett, R., Ali Choudhury, R. and Mousley, W. (2009). Television viewers' motivations to follow the 2005 Ashes Test series: implications for the rebranding of English cricket. Journal of Product Brand Management, 16(1), pp.23-37. Funnell, P. (2009). DISPLAY AT THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY, LONDON, 1968-1975. Art History, 30(4), pp.590-610. Newsom Kerr, M. (2010). Perambulating fever nests of our London streets : Cabs, Omnibuses, Ambulances, and Other Pest-Vehicles  in the Victorian Metropolis. The Journal of British Studies, 49(02), pp.283-310. Skok, W. and Tissut, M. (2009). Managing change: the London taxi cabs case study. Strat. Change, 12(2), pp.95-108. Smyth, R. (2015). Gentlemen and sledgers. New York, United States: Head of Zeus. the Guardian, (2015). Latest US news, world news, sports and opinion from the Guardian | theguardian.com | The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2015]. Watson, C. (2010). Test Match Special and the discourse of cricket: The sporting radio broadcast as narrative. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 45(2), pp.225-239. Woollett, K. and Maguire, E. (2012). Exploring anterograde associative memory in London taxi drivers. NeuroReport, 23(15), pp.885-888.